Economics Natural Rate of Unemployment - 2526 Words

Natural rate of unemployment The natural rate of unemployment (sometimes called the structural unemployment rate) is a concept of economic activity developed in particular by Milton Friedman and Edmund Phelps in the 1960s, both recipients of the Nobel prize in economics. In both cases, the development of the concept is cited as a main motivation behind the prize.[1][2] It represents the hypothetical unemployment rate consistent with aggregate production being at the long-run level. This level is consistent with aggregate production in the absence of various temporary frictions such as incomplete price adjustment in labor and goods markets. The natural rate of unemployment therefore corresponds to the unemployment rate prevailing under a†¦show more content†¦Of course, the prices a company charges are closely connected to the wages it pays. Figure 1 shows a typical Phillips curve fitted to data for the United States from 1961 to 1969. The close fit between the estimated curve and the data encouraged many economists, following the lead of Paul Samuelson and Robert Solow, to treat the Phillips curve as a sort of menu of policy options. For example, with an unemployment rate of 6 percent, the government might stimulate the economy to lower unemployment to 5 percent. Figure 1 indicates that the cost, in terms of higher inflation, would be a little more than half a percentage point. But if the government initially faced lower rates of unemployment, the costs would be considerably higher: a reduction in unemployment from 5 to 4 percent would imply more than twice as big an increase in the rate of inflation—about one and a quarter percentage points. At the height of the Phillips curve’s popularity as a guide to policy, Edmund Phelps and Milton Friedman independently challenged its theoretical underpinnings. They argued that well-informed, rational employers and workers would pay attention only to real wages—the inflation-adjusted purchasing power of money wages. In their view, real wages would adjust to make the supply of labor equal to the demand for labor, and the unemployment rate would then stand at a level uniquely associated with that real wage—the â€Å"natural rate† of unemployment. Figure 1 The Phillips Curve, 1961–1969Show MoreRelated The Phillips Curve Essay1316 Words   |  6 PagesEconomists agree that unemployment and inflation are two of the major macroeconomic problems of the twentieth century. If a relationship between the two existed then this would be a major break through for the macro management of the economy. Phillips work was empirical - started with evidence and worked towards a theory. The causation for the Phillips theory was that the level of unemployment caused the rate of change in money wages to be what it was. What economic theory lies behind thisRead MoreEconomic Policies Of Every Country Essay964 Words   |  4 PagesEconomic policy of every country has different aims that usually include the following ones: sustainable growth and development (increase in output (GDP) growth), price stability (inflation targeting), high employment etc. The policymakers have different tools to manage these issues, primarily by influencing the aggregate demand and supply, such as interest rates, requirements to the bank reserves, tax rates etc. Therefore, this is crucial to understand how these macroeconomic indicators are interconnectedRead MoreThe Phillips Curve : The Epitome Of Antiquity Essay1384 Words   |  6 Pagesmacroeconomic relationship posting a negative relationship between unemployment and inflation. Specifically, the model posits that when unemployed workers are scarce, employers must compete with one another for the remaining, qualified workers by bidding wages upward, which translates i nto higher costs, which combined with stronger consumption by a more employed population, generates higher prices. To the contrary, when unemployment is high, perhaps a result of an adverse shock to the economy, demandRead MoreCompetitive Analysis as per the Gross Domestic Product1547 Words   |  6 Pages3. Define the natural rate of unemployment. Identify three factors that may cause the natural rate to change over time. Natural rate of unemployment represents the equilibrium rate of unemployment in a given economy, that is, where real wages have found their free market level and where the aggregate supply of labor is in balance with the aggregate demand for labor (Gwartney, 2009). The presence of the natural rate of unemployment implies that there is only voluntary unemployment since those willingRead More The Federal Reserve System Essay example1453 Words   |  6 Pagesinterest rates. The Fed employs Monetary Policy in an effort to manage both the money supply and interest rates while stimulating the economy to operate close to full employment. One school of thought called Monetarism believes that the Federal Reserve should simply pursue policies to eliminate inflation. Zero inflation may help the market to avoid imbalances, stabilize the business cycle, and promote steady growth in our economy. On the other hand, zero inflation may not reduce unemployment. It mayRead MoreA Brief Note On U.s. U nemployment Rate1469 Words   |  6 PagesKaimeng Xing Analysis on U.S. Unemployment Rate Econ 2002.03H Nov. 9th, 2014 Since the financial crisis in 2008, U.S. unemployment rate has been an issue of importance and public concern. Why? Because the unemployment reflects current economic situation and people’s well-being in general. In this analysis, I will briefly discuss the definition of unemployment and the impact of high and persistent unemployment. Then I will analyze the trend of U.S. unemployment rate of recent months. I will alsoRead MoreEco 561 Week 4 Quiz Free Essay1015 Words   |  5 Pagesthe point at which output reaches a high and the point at which it reaches a low is called Hint : After a period of economic expansion, the economy usually contracts. This contraction would be characterized by higher unemployment and a declining GDP. A. a peak B. a trough C. an expansion [D. a recession [ A downturn describes the phenomenon of economic activity starting to fall from a peak. If output contracts between the point at which output reaches a high and the pointRead MoreInflation And Unemployment Essay1260 Words   |  6 PagesHistorically, the relationship between inflation and unemployment has been studied, debated, and been used as economic indicators to explain the overall health of the economy. Both inflation and unemployment will fluctuate and change based on phases of the business cycle. From a simplistic view, high levels of inflation and unemployment indicate that the economy is not operating at is an optimal level of output. During periods where inflation and unemployment are high, individuals are saving more and businessesRead MoreMacroeconomic Policies And Regulate The Healthy Operation Of The National Economy1243 Words   |  5 PagesThere are four main economic theory tells us government to achieve macroeconomic objectives: price stability, full employment, s ustainable and balanced economic growth and balance of international payments. In addition, inflation, unemployment and economic growth are the big macroeconomic issues of our time. In this essay we focus on inflation and unemployment. Unemployment occurs when a person who is actively searching for employment is unable to find work. Unemployment is often used as a measureRead MoreEconomic Analysis Of Unemployment And Its Impact On Gdp1420 Words   |  6 Pages Economic Analysis of Unemployment and its Impact on GDP in Developed Countries Paul Kuechenmeister Econ 4331W August 3rd, 2014 â€Æ' Introduction This study examines the impact of unemployment rates to a developed economies growth rate. This paper will be built off of the most distinguished idea addressing the relation of economic growth and unemployment, Okun’s Law . Okun’s Law that assesses the relation between unemployment and economic growth is one of linearity . Okun’s Law is the

Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Inclusion Essay

What is equality? Is it just a political nomenclature or an ideological concept? Or is about working towards creating a fairer society in which each individual can enjoy his/her rights and freedom without any judgement considering that â€Å"[w]e will never have true civilization until we have learned to recognize the rights of others.† Will Rogers (1924, p210). The task of this is essay is not so much to find the bona fide implications of the word â€Å"equality†, but rather to clarify its meaning towards individuals. It will seek to analyse how oppression and discrimination are related to inequality and will gradually develop into exploring how an individual’s sexual orientation can lead to social exclusion. Towards the end, the essay will†¦show more content†¦Oppression by definition is an act of cruelty, it cannot longer pass as ignorance or mistake, and it dehumanizes an individual by abusing an unjust power to begin with. For example, in some cultures women are said to be the property of their fathers/husbands and they must obey the men in regards to marriage or even trivial decisions such as clothing. This is an example of women being oppressed, but this extends to every group and stops at nothing – the impaired, the religious, the poor, the elderly, the young, the immigrants and so forth and so on (Thomp son, 2012). Having discussed the issue of inequality and its interrelationship with both discrimination and oppression, the essay will, at this point, focus on what factors actually influence these matters. Society, of course, holds a key role in promoting and not abolishing unfair treatments through constant marginalization, disloyal competition and social comparison. Socialisation is another process that influences the way we conduct ourselves towards certain groups of people and reinforces stereotypes – for instance, some raised in a religious environment that does not agree with or recognises homosexuality, might develop a prejudice against gay people. The â€Å"rules†, the norms and the values that shape us since childhood, set the background for social inequality and lead to aShow MoreRelatedDiversity Experience : Lgbt Context889 Words   |  4 Pages Diversity Experience: LGBT Setting the Context Setting the proper context gives due diligence to the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, (LGBT) community. It shows the great effort put forth in fighting for equality. Setting the proper context requires research of historical and statistical data, which are limited. A majority of the population wishes to suppress the efforts in achieving LGBT equality. Illustrating a historical overview creates a timeline of the major events leading up to the roleRead MoreGay And High School Students1235 Words   |  5 PagesWith an everchanging society, it is important for our youth to be educated about the diversity that exists among them. Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) students are more likely to be open about their sexualities and identities today than ever before. Middle school and high school students need to be fully aware of different identities that exist in the modern world; they are going to encounter people who identify as LGBT, and need to be able to see past the main stream stereotypes thatRead MoreTrans And Transgender : An Umbrella Term931 Words   |  4 PagesTrans or transgender is an umbrella term used to describe those who move away from and do not identify with the gender that they were born. It encompasses all people who do not fit into a binary conception of gender identity or expression. It is a group with diverse identities and expressions, and that differ from stereotypical gender norms. Some transgender choose to modify their bodies to varying degrees, whether through surgeries, or hormone therapies, while others choose to live without surgicalRead MoreSexual Identity Discrimination1297 Words   |  5 Pagesdescribed as lesbian, gay, transgender or bisexual have faced discrimination, violence and prejudice based on their sexual orientation. Throughout the 1970s, 80s and into the 1990s public opinion polls indicated a significant rate of violence and harassment targeted towards those individuals identified as or self identified as belonging to the gay, lesbian, or homosexual community. With HIV/AIDs becoming more prevalent and the national and international scare associated with the disease, the gay and lesbianRead MoreHuman Rights Campaign : The Natural Consequence Of Liberty1384 Words   |  6 Pagesachieve equality for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender Americans† (HRC website). As their mission statement indicates, â€Å"The Human Rights Campaign is organized and will be operated for the promotion of the social welfare of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community. By inspiring and engaging individuals and communities, HRC strives to end discrimination against LGBT people and realize a world that achieves fundamental fairness and equality for all.† (HRC website) As a gay man, I am personallyRead MoreBackground Of Ibm ( International Business Machine )1079 Words   |  5 Pagesthe day of Bastille i.e. July 14,1995(Thomas, David A 100). The task force was created to enhance the chances for improvement and progression of demographic groups such as women and men, as well as Asians, Africans Americans, LGBT (lesbians, gay, bisexual and transgender) individuals, Hispanics, Native Americans, and employees with disabilities (Managing Diversity for Success: The Case of IBM). The objective of this task force was to understand the difference between the different groups. As GerstnerRead MoreHr Field Of Human Resource Management1668 Words   |  7 Pagesways of how HRM functions have changed throughout the last few decades. Some findings included the use of technology through recruiting and managing protected information, the on-going fight for equality in the workplace for the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender) community, and the expansion of globalization. As a result, the research provide will prove that change is here to stay and increase with improvement and efficiency. Literature Review: Technology in HRM has changed the way businessesRead MoreUnderstanding The Terminology Of The Lgbt Community2206 Words   |  9 Pagesthe â€Å"gay community,† is an acronym that describes different gender expression or identities. The acronym was created to be more inclusive and have more diverse groups. It allowed individuals of the LGBT community to fully express themselves in different ways. The first word of the acronym is lesbian. The word lesbian is defined as an individual who identifies as a women and who are physically and emotionally attracted to other women (Huegel, 2011). People who identify themselves as lesbian mayRead MoreWhy Should The Lgbt Community Serve Openly?1899 Words   |  8 Pagesfighting for our country would that really matter. These very reasons and many more are what steer the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender community away from the military. The LGBT community should be able to serve openly in the military because gender identity has nothing to do with physical ability, the ban is an act of discrimination, and the American Constitution proposes a society based in inclusion not exclusion. The LGBT community should be able the serve openly in the military because genderRead MoreThe Psychology Of Sexual Orientations934 Words   |  4 Pagesone is homosexual, heterosexual, or bisexual, sexual orientation is not a choice but an integral part of the functioning human being and his or her sense of self† (King, 2011, p. 367). Homosexuality is defined as a sexual orientation in which an individual is generally sexually attracted to members of the same sex. A Centers for Disease Control national survey found that about â€Å"4.1 percent [of American men and women] reported themselves as homosexual or bisexual—essentially, 5 million Americans between

Microsoft frontpage Free Essays

HTML is a technology which is used for creating web pages and linking all the pages to make a complete website. It provides facilities to embed tags to format and design text, images and other multimedia elements into a webpage. . We will write a custom essay sample on Microsoft frontpage or any similar topic only for you Order Now All these combined web pages are hosted to the internet and is registered under a domain that facilitates it to have an Internet Protocol address to access it over the internet domain (W3C.org, 2007). Internet web server functions for hosting the web pages over the internet (Hughes, 2000). It has got a detailed process in its functionality and serving requests, which is as follows: Â  It is a computer software which resides on a central place for providing its services. The web pages written in HTML are stored into the web server. The web pages take into account the entire composition of the services website. Once the request is made from an internet browser for a particular web page, the request is interpreted and translated. The requested is served and the web page is displayed on the client’s browser window. The web pages can be either static or dynamic in nature. Microsoft FrontPage is application software which is used to construct websites (HTML pages) and allows using several facilities for adding dynamic content over the internet (FrontPage2002.com, 2007). It possesses the following features: The primary feature is the drag and drop facility of the page elements that are to be presented in the html page. FrontPage offers rich set of powerful features that are required to build a website. It offers facility to copy files and create hyperlinks with ease. Â  Offers an advanced set of toolbars which can be exploited to its fullest extent for creating the website Helps in creating pop-ups quite easily. It allows database creations and associated links It works for positioning text in cells and 3D lighting techniques Creates automatic cascading style sheets and quite easy for making amendments Possess the ability to create inline frames for embedding more than one web pages It comprises handwriting recognition to enter text into pages Creates photo gallery linking the images and putting into the website The Microsoft Script editor enhances the use of information in forms and provides client and server side scripting facilities One is given the facility to create online surveys and gather support and results for users FrontPage offers specific facilities to edit and store web pages on a web server. The components which are used are as follows: It possesses a publishing dialogue to store and edit web pages over the internet. It also facilitates using single page publishing to add content in web pages. The publishing activities can be tracked into a log file classifying it into confirmations and warnings. The enhanced publishing feature to drag and drop files is quite rich as it can be edited, dragged, dropped and deleted from and to any location (FrontPage2002.com, 2007). The server editions make sure that a page can be published and managed by using a web server and create reports and filter them according to choice. The above facilities make sure that FrontPage is used effectively in publishing content over the internet and provides efficient mechanism to edit and delete content. How to cite Microsoft frontpage, Essay examples

Cats As Carnivorous Predators Essay Example For Students

Cats As Carnivorous Predators Essay Cats as Carnivorous PredatorsThroughout the course of evolution the cats ability to survive in the wild has become extremely dependent upon its hunting ability. In order for feral, or undomesticated, cats to survive on their own in the wild they have developed hereditary traits and instincts from their ancestors throughout time. Though these hereditary traits that they have inherited are helpful for undomesticated cats, they can often cause problems when domesticated house cats revert back to the ways of their ancestors, often influencing the ways that cats kept as pets are managed. Cats are carnivorous predators and pet owners must accommodate this lifestyle by feeding them a meat-based diet with high protein, providing them with a play outlet to avoid predatory aggression, as well as keeping them inside or monitoring their activities while outside to avoid the unnecessary killing of birds or any other type of animal. As carnivorous predators, cats require a high protein, meat-based diet. The need for a meat-based diet is essential because the meat is often high in not only proteins and calories, but it also has a great deal of amino acids, especially taurine, which is important in the development of eye sight. Pet owners must be aware that the protein requirement for maximal growth for kittens is 24 % when the diet exceeds all of the essential amino acid requirements (Journal of Nutrition, High Dietary Protein and Taurine pg.2228). Carnivores need this amount of protein at a young age to build muscle for hunting and to keep them well nourished. The diet of the cat is based on development and they should be fed according to their stage of development towards an adult cat. In the wild, cats eat just about anything they can get their paws on; rats, mice, birds, and reptiles. Kittens have a need for higher levels of protein and calories for proper development until they reach the age of 18 months, when the levels of protein drop to just the right amount of protein to sustain themselves. Another reason why cats need to have a healthy meat-based diet is because they have a shorter digestive system than most omnivores and herbivores. They have to absorb more nutrients in a shorter amount of time, thus the need for a lot of protein because they have a very short time to digest it. Being a carnivorous predator, the cat needs some sort of play outlet besides its usual habitat or the owner may become the object of play predatory aggression. All animals need stimulation of some kind to guard against boredom. The inquisitive nature of t he cat causes them to often times become destructive reverting back to ancestral behaviors in search of attention. Once the cat receives the attention that it desires they often times will continue to display the traits of a predator and stalk its owner like prey and bite or attempt to tackle anything that moves. There are many ways to keep a house cat from reverting to its predatory instincts such as; providing the cat with play toys, squirting that cat with water whenever it makes an attack, as well as getting a second cat to keep each other company. A third and final challenge in owning a carnivorous predator is the fact that owners must often consider keeping the cats inside in an effort to avoid the unnecessary killing of birds, rodents, reptiles, and other small mammals. Contrary to what seems like common-sense-that a cat with a full belly has no reason to hunt-the evidence is overwhelming that even contented well-cared-for house cats are often instinctive, prodigiously effective predators (Luoma, Audubon: Catfight. pg.86). Cats hunt as a survival mechanism. Through evolution the cats ability to survive depended upon its hunting ability. The cats hereditary instincts are a major factor in the reason why cats are often willing to kill, even on a full stomach. As an attempt to decrease the number of deaths that cats cause in the population of rodents, reptiles, birds, and other mammals, cat owners should try to keep their pets inside and monitor their activities while they are outside or in play outlets because, roaming cats in general-including friendly house-hold tabby-cumulatively do far more damage to wildlife, birds, small mammals, and reptiles than anyone ever expected (Luoma, Audubon: Catfight. pg.86). Pet owners must accommodate the lifestyle of their cat as a carnivorous predator. A meat-based diet will give the cat high proteins, calories, as well as a good amount of amino acids to help the cat through the stages of development and keep the cat well nourished and healthy. A play outlet is essential for keeping the cat busy and helps keep cats out of mischief and avoids misdirected predatory aggression from the cat to the owner. Also, cat owners must be aware of the activities of their pet while the cat is outside or in play outlets to avoid the meaningless killing of unneeded prey in birds, rodents, reptiles, and other small mammals. Keeping carnivorous predators as pets can often times be difficult and time consuming but with the correct managerial tactics, keeping a cat as a pet is very low ma intenance. .u630498b3d84f4ddcd1ab460554759a5b , .u630498b3d84f4ddcd1ab460554759a5b .postImageUrl , .u630498b3d84f4ddcd1ab460554759a5b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u630498b3d84f4ddcd1ab460554759a5b , .u630498b3d84f4ddcd1ab460554759a5b:hover , .u630498b3d84f4ddcd1ab460554759a5b:visited , .u630498b3d84f4ddcd1ab460554759a5b:active { border:0!important; } .u630498b3d84f4ddcd1ab460554759a5b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u630498b3d84f4ddcd1ab460554759a5b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u630498b3d84f4ddcd1ab460554759a5b:active , .u630498b3d84f4ddcd1ab460554759a5b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u630498b3d84f4ddcd1ab460554759a5b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u630498b3d84f4ddcd1ab460554759a5b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u630498b3d84f4ddcd1ab460554759a5b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u630498b3d84f4ddcd1ab460554759a5b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u630498b3d84f4ddcd1ab460554759a5b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u630498b3d84f4ddcd1ab460554759a5b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u630498b3d84f4ddcd1ab460554759a5b .u630498b3d84f4ddcd1ab460554759a5b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u630498b3d84f4ddcd1ab460554759a5b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Salem Witch Trials - A Research Paper EssayCategory: Science